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Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire

Received: 10 October 2023     Accepted: 27 October 2023     Published: 9 November 2023
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Abstract

The inadequacy of sanitation in developing countries has effets on the health capital and the living conditions of populations. The objective of this work was to assess the impact of access to ecological sanitation on the health expenditure of rural households. This study took place in west-central Cote d'Ivoire in ten villages in the Bouafle department during the implementation of the water supply and sanitation program for the millennium (PHAM). First, a descriptive statistical analysis was carried out to determine the socio-economic, environmental and health characteristics. Then the econometric analysis was carried out using a multiple linear regression of health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases on the age of the head of household, the provision of ecological sanitation toilets, and the household income per capita. Then finally, we used the double difference method to determine the impact of that program on health expenditure. The results showed that the prevalence of water-borne diseases and health expenditures saw a considerable drop thanks to PHAM. For the econometric results, we note that the advanced age of household heads increases health costs. Then also, a significant reduction in health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases is obtained thanks to the use of ecological toilets by households. This result is corroborated by the difference-in-differences method. This form of sanitation should be encouraged in developing countries for the eradication of water-borne diseases as well as the reduction in health expenses of rural households.

Published in International Journal of Health Economics and Policy (Volume 8, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13
Page(s) 101-111
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Ecological Sanitation, Health Expenditure, Households, Cote d’Ivoire

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    Michel Porcella, Y., Ellele Aime Marius, Y., Landry, A., Kouadio Clement, K., Theophile, G. (2023). Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire. International Journal of Health Economics and Policy, 8(4), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13

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    ACS Style

    Michel Porcella, Y.; Ellele Aime Marius, Y.; Landry, A.; Kouadio Clement, K.; Theophile, G. Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire. Int. J. Health Econ. Policy 2023, 8(4), 101-111. doi: 10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13

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    AMA Style

    Michel Porcella Y, Ellele Aime Marius Y, Landry A, Kouadio Clement K, Theophile G. Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire. Int J Health Econ Policy. 2023;8(4):101-111. doi: 10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13,
      author = {Yapo Michel Porcella and Yapi Ellele Aime Marius and Achy Landry and Kouakou Kouadio Clement and Gnagne Theophile},
      title = {Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire},
      journal = {International Journal of Health Economics and Policy},
      volume = {8},
      number = {4},
      pages = {101-111},
      doi = {10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hep.20230804.13},
      abstract = {The inadequacy of sanitation in developing countries has effets on the health capital and the living conditions of populations. The objective of this work was to assess the impact of access to ecological sanitation on the health expenditure of rural households. This study took place in west-central Cote d'Ivoire in ten villages in the Bouafle department during the implementation of the water supply and sanitation program for the millennium (PHAM). First, a descriptive statistical analysis was carried out to determine the socio-economic, environmental and health characteristics. Then the econometric analysis was carried out using a multiple linear regression of health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases on the age of the head of household, the provision of ecological sanitation toilets, and the household income per capita. Then finally, we used the double difference method to determine the impact of that program on health expenditure. The results showed that the prevalence of water-borne diseases and health expenditures saw a considerable drop thanks to PHAM. For the econometric results, we note that the advanced age of household heads increases health costs. Then also, a significant reduction in health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases is obtained thanks to the use of ecological toilets by households. This result is corroborated by the difference-in-differences method. This form of sanitation should be encouraged in developing countries for the eradication of water-borne diseases as well as the reduction in health expenses of rural households.
    },
     year = {2023}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire
    AU  - Yapo Michel Porcella
    AU  - Yapi Ellele Aime Marius
    AU  - Achy Landry
    AU  - Kouakou Kouadio Clement
    AU  - Gnagne Theophile
    Y1  - 2023/11/09
    PY  - 2023
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13
    T2  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
    JF  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
    JO  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
    SP  - 101
    EP  - 111
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-9309
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13
    AB  - The inadequacy of sanitation in developing countries has effets on the health capital and the living conditions of populations. The objective of this work was to assess the impact of access to ecological sanitation on the health expenditure of rural households. This study took place in west-central Cote d'Ivoire in ten villages in the Bouafle department during the implementation of the water supply and sanitation program for the millennium (PHAM). First, a descriptive statistical analysis was carried out to determine the socio-economic, environmental and health characteristics. Then the econometric analysis was carried out using a multiple linear regression of health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases on the age of the head of household, the provision of ecological sanitation toilets, and the household income per capita. Then finally, we used the double difference method to determine the impact of that program on health expenditure. The results showed that the prevalence of water-borne diseases and health expenditures saw a considerable drop thanks to PHAM. For the econometric results, we note that the advanced age of household heads increases health costs. Then also, a significant reduction in health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases is obtained thanks to the use of ecological toilets by households. This result is corroborated by the difference-in-differences method. This form of sanitation should be encouraged in developing countries for the eradication of water-borne diseases as well as the reduction in health expenses of rural households.
    
    VL  - 8
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Economics and Management, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

  • General Hygiene Department, National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

  • Department of Economics and Management, Alassane Ouattara University, Bouake, Cote d’Ivoire

  • Department of Economics and Management, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

  • Faculty of Sciences and Environment Management, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

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